Resistance of Triticum dicoccoides to infection with Erysiphe graminis tritici

Summary The reactions of 233 Triticum dicoccoides acessions, collected at 10 sites in Israel and elsewhere, to infection with cultures of Erysiphe graminis tritici, were determined. The reactions indicated that the number of sources of resistance to E. graminis tritici which can be obtained from T. dicoccoides plants growing wild in Israel and elsewhere is almost unlimited. One hundred and fourteen or 49% of the accessions were resistant, and 137 or 59% of the accessions were resistant or moderately resistant to infection with four cultures of E. graminis tritici which possess the virulence genes corresponding to most of the identified resistance genes in wheat. Accessions collected at sites with marginal habitats where T. dicoccoides grows poorly and has lower grain weight, were more susceptible than were accessions collected at sites with an optimal habitat for growth of T. dicoccoides. The results agreed with those in a previous study with Hordeum spontaneum, and indicate that to obtain H. spontaneum or T. dicoccoides accessions with the highest level of resistance to the powdery mildew pathogens, plants should be collected at sites in ecological and geographic regions where those two species occupy optimum habitats and are exposed to the powdery mildew pathogens.     

Selection for brown stripe downy mildew resistance in maize

Summary The maize (Zea mays L.) cultivar Makki Safed 1 (MS1) with susceptibility to brown stripe downy mildew (BSDM) caused by Sclerophthora rayssiae var. zeae Payak & Renfro, was subjected to two cycles of mass selection and one cycle of full-sib family selection. Selection was carried out primarily for BSDM resistance.The mass selection was practised under artificial epiphytotic conditions in a disease nursery. Full-sib progenies and performance trials on MS1 and its improved versions were grown in diseased and disease free environments.Mass selection resulted in a significant improvement for resistance to BSDM. A cycle of full-sib selection resulted in an additional improvement for resistance to the disease. The disease rating of the improved version was 1.5 against 4.5 for the original population (scale: 1, highly resistant to 5, highly susceptible). The yield of the improved populations of MS1 was significantly greater than that of MS1 in the disease nursery. In disease free experiments, the improved populations showed almost no yield advantage over MS1. There were also no significant differences between the original population and the improved population after three selection cycles for ear length, ear girth, number of kernel rows per ear, number of kernels per row, 1000-kernel weight, plant height, ear height and days to silk.     

小麦新种质YW243白粉病抗性鉴定和遗传分析

利用病菌接种鉴定、抗性遗传分析、基因推导和STS方法,对抗白粉病小麦新种质YW243进行鉴定.YW243高抗我国白粉病菌毒性级别在7级以下、毒性频率占90%以上的生理小种,抗性有效,可在我国大部分麦区使用.与感病品种中国春、京771测交的F2抗感分离符合3∶1比例,证明YW243对白粉病的抗性由1对显性基因控制.基因推导、抗性遗传分析     

Sources of Resistance to Powdery Mildew in Barley Lines Derived from Hordeum spontaneum Collected in Israel

Fourty two barley lines direved from the F₇ of crosses between barley cultivars and different accessions of Hordeum spontaneum collected in Israel and 30 lines or varieties with known genes for resistance to powdery mildew were included m this study. Eleven European and three Israeli powdery mildew cultures, possessing virulence genes corresponding to known resistance genes, were used to make comparisons between the varieties with known resistance genes and H. spontaneum derived lines. The reaction pattern of 39 H. spontaneum derived lines was clearly different from the reaction pattern o; any of the known genes for mildew resistance included in this study. Only two cases were observed in which the reaction pattern of H. spontaneum derived lines agreed with reaction patterns of known genes for mildew resistance viz. Ml-a9 and Ml-p. Trie Mildew resistance of one line apparently traces back to uncontrolled outcrossing with a Ml-a.6+Ml-g resistant cultivar. Since the majority of the 42 host genotypes tested showed distinctive variation in resistant reaction types against different mildew cultures, this study docs not support the assumption that differences in resistant infection types against distinct mildew cultures are sufficient to indicate the presence of supplementary genes for resistance in a given genotype of the host. The results justify the conclusion that the natural population of H. spontaneum in Israel forms a large gene pool for mildew resistance which is not yet used m cultivated barley.     

大米脉冲微波杀虫防霉工艺优化

以大米为原料,采用脉冲微波宽度、微波剂量、微波时间、脉冲间歇时间等单因素试验,研究脉冲微波对大米害虫米象(Sitophilus oryzae)和寄生曲霉(Aspergillus parasiticus)致死率、米温、大米的碎米率和爆腰率及其感官品质的影响。结果表明:随着脉冲微波强度的增加,米象和寄生曲霉致死率明显升高,虫卵孵化率显著降低,感官品质变化不大,米温逐渐升高,碎米率和爆腰率有所升高。通过正交试验确定大米杀虫防霉最优工艺为:脉冲微波剂量7.5 W/g、脉冲宽度300ms、间歇时间50ms、脉冲微波总时间30s,此时害虫和霉菌致死率分别可达100.0%、83.2%,米温53.8℃,碎米率和爆腰率比未处理的样品增加1.2%和1.5%,感官评分7.3分。     

九种植物提取物对小麦白粉病菌孢子萌发的影响

以水和50%乙醇做为溶剂,提取9种植物的活性物质,通过小麦白粉病菌孢子萌发试验进行抑菌活性测定。结果表明,9种植物50%乙醇提取液都能抑制小麦白粉病菌孢子萌发,仅有山苍子和辣椒的水提取液对小麦白粉病菌孢子萌发有抑制作用。因此,可尝试以上述植物为原料研制植物源农药来防治小麦白粉病。9种植物提取物对白粉病菌孢子萌发的影响与提取物成分、浓度相关,将大蒜、女贞子(烘干)、辣椒和烟皮的乙醇提取液稀释11.00倍,辣椒水提液稀释2.25倍仍然表现出较强的抑菌活性。不同提取液中抑制小麦白粉病菌孢子萌发的活性物质的种类还需进一步研究。     

百日草白粉病的空间分布和抽样技术研究

[目的]对百日草白粉病的空间分布型及抽样技术进行研究,为指导百日草白粉病的化学防治工作提供参考。[方法]采用空间分布型指标确定病害的空间分布型;利用Iwao公式确定理论抽样数,制作百日草白粉病的序贯抽样检索表。[结果]百日草白粉病的空间分布型在发病初期(平均病级数小于2.0)为聚集分布;随着病害发生程度增加,病害的聚集程度逐渐变小,当植株的平均病级数为2.5~4.0时,病害的分布型会转变为随机分布;当植株的平均病级数大于4.5时,病害的分布型会转变为均匀分布。计算出不同发病程度及不同精确度要求下的理论抽样数,得到序贯抽样检索表。[结论]该研究给出的理论抽样数及序贯抽样检索表是科学实用的抽样方法。     

安徽皖垦小麦新品系抗病鉴定及分析

[目的]鉴定小麦新品系的抗病性,为提高小麦抗病育种水平提供参考.[方法]根据小麦品种抗病性鉴定技术规范,对安徽皖垦种业股份有限公司选育的小麦高代品系进行小麦赤霉病菌、白粉病菌及纹枯病菌的人工接种鉴定.[结果]2012 ～2014两年度鉴定的245份高代材料中,赤霉病表现中抗以上的品系有179个,占鉴定总量的73.1％;白粉病表现中抗以上的品系有44个,占鉴定总量的18.0％;纹枯病表现中抗以上的品系有141个,占鉴定总量的57.6％.[结论]进一步保持对赤霉病抗性筛选并加强对纹枯病、白粉病的稳定、抗病品系的选育,是今后小麦育种的方向.     

仓储片烟霉变微生物的研究进展

随着我国烟草行业进一步发展,仓储片烟的规模和总量不断增加,尤其南方烟区,仓储病害已成为影响企业经济效益的主要问题。从仓储片烟霉变微生物的主要类群、霉变机理及过程、常见霉菌的生物学特性以及主要防霉技术等方面对仓储片烟霉变微生物的研究进展进行了综述,指出当前研究存在的问题及今后研究的重点。     

小麦抗白粉病基因Pm6的PCR标记鉴定

为了筛选出与小麦抗白粉基因Pm6连锁的PCR标记,选择位于小麦染色体2BL上的52个SSR和STS标记合成特异引物,对Pm6基因载体品种Timgalen和感病品种豫麦13及其F2代分离群体进行PCR分析,发现3个STS标记(Xwg996、KSUK948和XksuF37)和1个SSR标记(Xgwm47)与Pm6基因连锁,XksuF37、KSUK948、Pm6、Xwg996和Xgwm47五个位点之间的遗传距离分别为31.1、17.7、12.4和19.7cM.用标记Xwg996分析17个含其他抗白粉病基因的载体品种,结果表明,这个标记对Pm6基因有很强的专一性,可以应用于Pm6基因的分子鉴定和分子标记辅助育种.